Bias in Quantifying Judgements

1kHz tone abscissa arithmetic mean ascending average constant error biases brightness category ratings dashed function decibels descending judgments differences dotted equal stimulus spacing exponent familiar units Figure filled circles filled points function in Fig geometric mean geometric range geometric response ranges geometric stimulus range hybrid logarithmic response illustrates intensity investigation linear linear scale logarithmic response bias logarithmic scale logarithmic subjectively equal loglog plot median nearly logarithmic numerical judgments numerical magnitude judgments ordinate Panel Poulton power function produced range equalizing bias range of numbers range of responses range of stimuli ratio judgments reference magnitude relative stimulus contraction represents response centering bias response contraction bias response range equalizing separate groups sequential contraction bias shows slope solid function sound pressure level Stevens stimulus centering bias stimulus contraction bias stimulus dimensions stimulus frequency bias stimulus magnitudes stimulus range equalizing stimulus spacing bias straight line subjectively equal stimulus Table unfilled points uninitiated observers white noise